What does tow capacity refer to?

Tow capacity specifically refers to the maximum weight that a vehicle can safely pull while towing a trailer. This value is established by the manufacturer and takes into consideration various factors, such as the vehicle's engine capacity, braking system, frame strength, and suspension. It is crucial for safety and performance, ensuring that the vehicle can handle the stresses associated with towing without risking damage or dangerous handling issues.

While the other options touch on aspects related to vehicle weight, they do not capture the specific definition of tow capacity. The average weight of a trailer or the weight of the vehicle without a trailer does not relate to the safety and operational guidelines set by the manufacturer for towing capabilities. Additionally, the weight including passengers and cargo does not directly define the tow capacity, which is strictly about the additional weight a vehicle can manage alongside its own mass when taking into account its towing capabilities.